［1］Hospenthal DR, Murray CK, Andersen RC, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of infections associated with combat-related injuries: 2011 update:endorsed by the Infections Diseases Society of America and the Surgical Infection Society. J Trauma, 2011, 71(Suppl 2):S210-S234.
［2］Bowyer GW. Management of small fragment wounds: experience from the Afghan border. J Trauma, 1996, 40(3 Suppl):S170-S172.
［3］Hodgetts T, Turner L. Trauma rules 2: incorporating military trauma rules. 2th ed. London: BMJ Publishing Group,2006:121.
［4］Anglen JO, Gainor BJ, Simpson WA, et al. The use of detergent irrigation for musculoskeletal wounds. Int Orthop,2003,27（1）:40-46.
［5］Draeger RW, Dahners LE. Traumatic wound debridement: a comparison of irrigation methods. J Orthop Trauma, 2006, 20(2):83-88.
［6］Okike K,Bhattacharyya T. Trends in the management of open fractures.A critical analysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2006, 88（12）:2739-2748.
［7］Flow Investigators. Fluid lavage of open wounds (FLOW): design and rationale for a large, multicenter collaborative 2×3 factorial trial of irrigating pressures and solutions in patients with open fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2010, 11:85.
［8］Anglen JO. Comparison of soap and antibiotic solutions for irrigation of lower-limb open fracture wounds. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg （Am）, 2005, 87（7）:1415-1422.
［9］Moscati RM, Mayrose J, Reardon RF, et al. A multicenter comparison of tap water versus sterile saline for wound irrigation. Acad Emerg Med, 2007, 14（5）:404-409.
［10］Petrisor B, Jeray K, Schemitsch E, et al. Fluid lavage in patients with open fracture wounds (FLOW): an international survey of 984 surgeons. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2008, 9:7.
［11］Anglen JO. Wound irrigation in musculoskeletal injury. J Am Acad Orthop Surg,2001,9（4）:219-226.
［12］Zalavras CG,Marcus RE,Levin LC,et al.Management of open fractures and subsequent complications. J Bone Joint Surg （Am）,2007,89（4）:884-895.
［13］Kalteis T, Lehn N, Schrder HJ, et al. Contaminant seeding in bone by different irrigation methods: an experimental study. J Orthop Trauma, 2005, 19（9）:591-596.
［14］Levin LS. Early versus delayed closure of open fractures. Injury, 2007, 38(8):896-899.
［15］Sungaran J, Harris I, Mourad M. The effect of time to theatre on infection rate for open tibia fractures. ANZ J Surg, 2007, 77（10）:886-888.
［16］Singer AJ, Dagum AB.Current management or acute cutaneous wounds.N Eng J Med, 2008, 359(10)：1037-1046.
［17］Moehring HD, Gravel C, Chapman MW, et al. Comparison of antibiotic beads and intravenous antibiotics in open fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2000, (372):254-261.
［18］Ostermann PA, Seligson D, Henry SL. Local antibiotic therapy for severe open fractures. A review of 1085 consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Br), 1995, 77(1):93-97.
［19］Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN, et al. Effect of silver on burn wound infection control and healing: review of the literature. Burns, 2007, 33（2）:139-148.
［20］Drosou A, Falabella A, Kirsner RS. Antiseptics on wounds: an area of controversy. Wounds, 2003, 15(5):149-166.
［21］Helgeson MD, Potter BK, Tucker CJ, et al. Antibiotic-impregnated calcium sulfate use in combat-related open fractures. Orthopedics, 2009, 32（5）:323.
［22］Scott P,Deye G,Srinivasan A,et al.An outbreak of multidrugresistant acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex infection in the US military health care system associated with military operations in Iraq. Clin Infect Dis, 2007, 44(12)1577-1584.
［23］Landrum ML, Murray CK. Ventilator associated pneumonia in a military deployed setting: the impact of aggressive infection control program. J Trauma, 2008, 64(2 Suppl):S123-S128.
