［1］Penick GD, Mc LW. Disorders of the hemostatic mechanism. Int Rec Med, 1960, 173:491-496.
［2］Stein SC, Smith DH. Coagulopathy in traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care, 2004, 1(4):479-488.
［3］Harhangi BS, Kompanje EJ, Leebeek FW, et al. Coagulation disorders after traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 2008, 150(2):165-175.
［4］Sun Y, Wang J, Wu X, et al. Validating the incidence of coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with traumatic brain injury——analysis of 242 cases. Br J Neurosurg, 2011, 25(3):363-368.
［5］Laroche M, Kutcher ME, Huang MC, et al. Coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery, 2012, 70(6):1334-1345.
［6］Wafaisade A, Lefering R, Tjardes T, et al. Acute coagulopathy in isolated blunt traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care, 12(2):211-219.
［7］Peiniger S, Nienaber U, Lefering R, et al. Glasgow Coma Scale as a predictor for hemocoagulative disorders after blunt pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2012, 13(4):455-460.
［8］Murray GD, Butcher I, McHugh GS, et al. Multivariable prognostic analysis in traumatic brain injury:results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma, 2007, 24(2):329-337.
［9］Lustenberger T, Talving P, Kobayashi L, et al. Time course of coagulopathy in isolated severe traumatic brain injury. Injury, 2010, 41(9):924-928.
［10］Franschman G, Boer C, Andriessen TM, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the course of coagulopathy in patients with isolated traumatic brain injury:relation to CT characteristics and outcome. J Neurotrauma, 2012, 29(1):128-136.
［11］Gando S, Nanzaki S, Kemmotsu O. Coagulofibrinolytic changes after isolated head injury are not different from those in trauma patients without head injury. J Trauma, 1999, 46(6):1070-1077.
［12］Zehtabchi S, Soghoian S, Liu Y, et al. The association of coagulopathy and traumatic brain injury in patients with isolated head injury. Resuscitation, 2008, 76(1):52-56.
［13］Stein SC, Young GS, Talucci RC, et al. Delayed brain injury after head trauma:significance of coagulopathy. Neurosurgery, 1992, 30(2):160-165.
［14］Allard CB, Scarpelini S, Rhind SG, et al. Abnormal coagulation tests are associated with progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma, 2009, 67(5):959-967.
［15］Kaufman HH, Hui KS, Mattson JC, et al. Clinicopathological correlations of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with head injury. Neurosurgery, 1984, 15(1):34-42.
［16］Stein SC, Chen XH, Sinson GP, et al. Intravascular coagulation:a major secondary insult in nonfatal traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg, 2002, 97(6):1373-1377.
［17］Stein SC, Graham DI, Chen XH, et al. Association between intravascular microthrombosis and cerebral ischemia in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery, 2004, 54(3):687-691.
［18］Schwarzmaier SM, Kim SW, Trabold R, et al. Temporal profile of thrombogenesis in the cerebral microcirculation after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma, 2010, 27(1):121-130.
［19］Lu D, Mahmood A, Goussev A, et al. Delayed thrombosis after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma, 2004, 21(12):1756-1766.
［20］Jilma B. Platelet function analyzer (PFA-100):a tool to quantify congenital or acquired platelet dysfunction. J Lab Clin Med, 2001, 138(3):152-163.
［21］Dickinson KJ, Troxler M, Homer-Vanniasinkam S. The surgical application of point-of-care haemostasis and platelet function testing. Br J Surg, 2008, 95(11):1317-1330.
［22］Harle CC. Point-of-care platelet function testing. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2007, 11(4):247-251.
［23］Gando S, Saitoh D, Ogura H, et al. Natural history of disseminated intravascular coagulation diagnosed based on the newly established diagnostic criteria for critically ill patients:results of a multicenter, prospective survey. Crit Care Med, 2008, 36(1):145-150.
［24］Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, et al. Acute coagulopathy of trauma:hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma, 2008, 64(5):1211-1217.
［25］Kunio N, Differding JA, Watson KM, et al. Thrombelastography-identified coagulopathy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after traumatic brain injury. Am J Surg, 2012, 203(5):584-588.
［26］Winter JP, Plummer D, Bottini A, et al. Early fresh frozen plasma prophylaxis of abnormal coagulation parameters in the severely head-injured patient is not effective. Ann Emerg Med, 1989, 18(5):553-555.
［27］Etemadrezaie H, Baharvahdat H, Shariati Z, et al. The effect of fresh frozen plasma in severe closed head injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2007, 109(2):166-171.
［28］Sorensen B, Fries D. Emerging treatment strategies for trauma-induced coagulopathy. Br J Surg, 2012, 99 Suppl 1:40-50.
［29］Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2):a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2010, 376(9734):23-32.
［30］Sorimachi T, Fujii Y, Morita K, et al. Rapid administration of antifibrinolytics and strict blood pressure control for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosurgery, 2005, 57(5):837-844.
［31］Palmer JD, Francis DA, Roath OS, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis during intracranial surgery:effect of high dose aprotinin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1995, 58(1):104-106.
［32］Palmer JD, Francis JL, Pickard JD, et al. The efficacy and safety of aprotinin for hemostasis during intracranial surgery. J Neurosurg, 2003, 98(6):1208-1216.
［33］Grady RE, Oliver Jr WC, Abel MD, et al. Aprotinin and deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with or without circulatory arrest for craniotomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 2002, 14(2):137-140.
［34］Mangano DT, Tudor IC, Dietzel C. The risk associated with aprotinin in cardiac surgery. New Engl J Med, 2006, 354(4):353-365.
［35］Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. New Engl J Med, 2008, 358(20):2127-2137.
［36］Stein DM, Dutton RP, Kramer ME, et al. Recombinant factor VIIa:decreasing time to intervention in coagulopathic patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma, 2008, 64(3):620-628.
［37］Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. New Engl J Med, 2005, 352(8):777-785.
［38］Roitberg B, Emechebe-Kennedy O, Amin-Hanjani S, et al. Human recombinant factor VII for emergency reversal of coagulopathy in neurosurgical patients:a retrospective comparative study. Neurosurgery, 2005, 57(5):832-836.
［39］Levi M, Levy JH, Andersen HF, et al. Safety of recombinant activated factor VII in randomized clinical trials. New Engl J Med, 2010, 363(19):1791-1800.
［40］Grenander A, Bredbacka S, Rydvall A, et al. Antithrombin treatment in patients with traumatic brain injury:a pilot study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, 2001, 13(1):49-56.
［41］Scudday T, Brasel K, Webb T, et al. Safety and efficacy of prophylactic anticoagulation in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Am Coll Surg, 2011, 213(1):148-144
［42］Dudley RR, Aziz I, Bonnici A, et al. Early venous thromboembolic event prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury with low-molecular-weight heparin:risks and benefits. J Neurotrauma, 2010, 27(12):2165-2172.
［43］Alexiou GA, Pahatouridis D, Voulgaris S. Coagulation disorders in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma, 2011, 28(4):689.
［44］Maeda T, Katayama Y, Kawamata T, et al. Hemodynamic depression and microthrombosis in the peripheral areas of cortical contusion in the rat:role of platelet activating factor. Acta Neurochir Suppl, 1997, 70:102-105.
［45］Stein SC, Ganguly K, Belfield CM, et al. Erythrocyte-bound tissue plasminogen activator is neuroprotective in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma, 2009, 26(9):1585-1592.
［46］Batchelor JS, Grayson A. A meta-analysis to determine the effect of anticoagulation on mortality in patients with blunt head trauma. Br J Neurosurg, 2012, 26(4):525-530.
［47］Franko J, Kish KJ, O’Connell BG, et al. Advanced age and preinjury warfarin anticoagulation increase the risk of mortality after head trauma. J Trauma, 2006, 61(1):107-110.
［48］Grandhi R, Duane TM, Dechert T, et al. Anticoagulation and the elderly head trauma patient. Am Surg, 2008, 74(9):802-805.
［49］Bonville DJ, Ata A, Jahraus CB, et al. Impact of preinjury warfarin and antiplatelet agents on outcomes of trauma patients. Surgery, 2011, 150(4):861-868.
［50］Mina AA, Knipfer JF, Park DY, et al. Intracranial complications of preinjury anticoagulation in trauma patients with head injury. J Trauma, 2002, 53(4):668-672.
［51］Karni A, Holtzman R, Bass T, et al. Traumatic head injury in the anticoagulated elderly patient:a lethal combination. Am Surg, 2001, 67(11):1098-1100.
［52］Pieracci FM, Eachempati SR, Shou J, et al. Degree of anticoagulation, but not warfarin use itself, predicts adverse outcomes after traumatic brain injury in elderly trauma patients. J Trauma, 2007, 63(3):525-530.
［54］Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, et al. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest, 2008, 133 Suppl 6: 160S-198S.
［55］Chapman SA, Irwin ED, Beal AL, et al. Prothrombin complex concentrate versus standard therapies for INR reversal in trauma patients receiving warfarin. Ann Pharmacother, 2011, 45(7-8):869-875.
［56］Sarode R, Matevosyan K, Bhagat R, et al. Rapid warfarin reversal:a 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant factor VIIa cocktail for intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg, 2012, 116(3):491-497.
